Проблемы Эволюции

Проблемы Эволюции

Интересные факты по эволюции гоминид, установленные в последние годы (1997-2004).

Марков А. В.

Дополнение 1 к обзору "Происхождение и эволюция человека"

Интересные факты по эволюции гоминид, установленные в последние годы (1997-2004).

дополнение к обзору "Происхождение и эволюция человека"

Питание

Охотники или падальщики?

Кем были наши предки - охотниками или падальщиками? Этот спор продолжается уже много десятилетий. В целом общее мнение сейчас склоняется к тому, что австралопитеки и хабилисы были преимущественно падальщиками, гейдельбержцы и неандертальцы - охотниками, по поводу же питекантропов (H.ergaster, H.erectus, H.georgicus) мнения сильно расходятся.

Неандертальцы и сапиенсы

Эволюция двуногости

Систематика, филогения

Разное

 


Источники:

1.  Br J Nutr. 1998 Jan;79(1):3-21.

Rift Valley lake fish and shellfish provided brain-specific nutrition for early Homo.

Broadhurst CL, Cunnane SC, Crawford MA.

An abundant, balanced dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is an absolute requirement for sustaining the very rapid expansion of the hominid cerebral cortex during the last one to two million years. The brain contains 600 g lipid/kg, with a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid profile containing approximately equal proportions of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency at any stage of fetal and/or infant development can result in irreversible failure to accomplish specific components of brain growth. For the past fifteen million years, the East African Rift Valley has been a unique geological environment which contains many enormous freshwater lakes. Paleoanthropological evidence clearly indicates that hominids evolved in East Africa, and that early Homo inhabited the Rift Valley lake shores. Although earlier hominid species migrated to Eurasia, modern Homo sapiens is believed to have originated in Africa between 100 and 200 thousand years ago, and subsequently migrated throughout the world. A shift in the hominid resource base towards more high-quality foods occurred approximately two million years ago; this was accompanied by an increase in relative brain size and a shift towards modern patterns of fetal and infant development. There is evidence for both meat and fish scavenging, although sophisticated tool industries and organized hunting had not yet developed. The earliest occurrences of modern H. sapiens and sophisticated tool technology are associated with aquatic resource bases. Tropical freshwater fish and shellfish have long-chain polyunsaturated lipid ratios more similar to that of the human brain than any other food source known. Consistent consumption of lacustrine foods could have provided a means of initiating and sustaining cerebral cortex growth without an attendant increase in body mass. A modest intake of fish and shellfish (6-12% total dietary energy intake) can provide more arachidonic acid and especially more docosahexaenoic acid than most diets contain today. Hence, 'brain-specific' nutrition had and still has significant potential to affect hominid brain evolution.

 

2. J Hum Evol. 2000 Apr;38(4):497-521.

 

Adults only. Reindeer hunting at the middle palaeolithic site salzgitter lebenstedt, northern Germany.

Gaudzinski S, Roebroeks W.

The Middle Palaeolithic site Salzgitter Lebenstedt (northern Germany), excavated in 1952, is well known because of its well-preserved faunal remains, dominated by adult reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). The archaeological assemblage accumulated in an arctic setting in an earlier part of the last (Weichsel) glacial (OIS5-3). The site is remarkable because of the presence of unique Middle Palaeolithic bone tools and the occurrence of the northernmost Neanderthal remains, but this paper focuses on an analysis of its reindeer assemblage. The results indicate autumn hunting of reindeer by Middle Palaeolithic hominids. After the hunt, carcasses were butchered and in subsequent marrow processing of the bones a selection against young and sub-adult animals occurred. Adults were clearly preferred, and from their bones, again, poorer marrow bones were neglected. This focus on primeness of resources has been documented in other domains of Neanderthal behaviour, but Salzgitter Lebenstedt is the best example yet known in terms of systematic and routinized processing of game. The Salzgitter Lebenstedt assemblage displays some remarkable similarities to the Late Glacial reindeer assemblages from the Ahrensburg tunnel valley sites. The subsequent review of the evidence on subsistence strategies from earlier periods of the European Palaeolithic shows that hunting of large mammals may have been a part of the behavioural repertoire of the Middle Pleistocene occupants of Europe from the earliest occupation onwards. At the same time, it is suggested that these early hunting strategies were incorporated in ways of moving through landscapes ("settlement systems") which were different from what we know from the middle parts of the Upper Palaeolithic onwards. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.

 

3. J Hum Evol. 1998 Aug;35(2):111-36. 

A critique of the evidence for scavenging by Neanderthals and early modern humans: new data from Kobeh Cave (Zagros Mountains, Iran) and Die Kelders Cave 1 layer 10 (South Africa).

Marean CW.

The primary mode of faunal exploitation by Neandertals and early modern humans remains a debated topic. Binford (1981, 1984, 1985, 1988) has argued for an obligate scavenging mode, Stiner (1991a, 1991b, 1991c, 1993, 1994) for a more opportunistic scavenging mode, while other researchers (Chase, 1986, 1988, 1989; Klein, 1989, 1994, 1995; Klein & Cruz-Uribe, 1996) deny the importance of scavenging as a faunal exploitation tactic. The scavenging interpretations rely primarily on several patterns in the faunal remains: the presence of a skeletal element pattern dominated by heads or head and foot parts, the presence of carnivore tooth marks on bone fragments, and infrequent cut marks that typically are not located on shaft regions of long bones or on fleshy bones. Five sites have been used to argue for scavenging: Klasies River Mouth, Combe Grenal, Grotta Guattari, Grotta dei Moscerini, and Grotte Vaufrey. The former four of the five sites are biased samples in that long bone shafts and other difficult to identify fragments were discarded at excavation. The analysis of Grotte Vaufrey included only those shafts identifiable to species or genus, thus excluding the vast majority of shaft specimens. This bias systematically shapes the skeletal element and surface modification patterning in ways that make the assemblages appear to fit a model of scavenging, when in fact the main determinant of the pattern is the bias in the flawed samples. This problem is illustrated with two unbiased faunal assemblages (Kobeh Cave and Die Kelders Layer 10). Skeletal element abundance is calculated in a way that mimics the bias in the sites listed above by excluding the shafts. Using this procedure, both Kobeh and Die Kelders have a head and foot skeletal element pattern and thus appear scavenged. Both assemblages are then analyzed in their entirety and a new pattern, consistent with hunting, is revealed. Taphonomic data on bone survival and destruction provide an explanation for this result. Excluding shaft fragments from the analysis also biases the surface modification patterning in such a way as to produce a pattern more consistent with scavenging. The conclusion is that there is no reliable evidence for scavenging by Neandertals or early modern humans.
 

4.   Published online before print June 13, 2000, 10.1073/pnas.120178997
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 June 20; 97 (13): 7663–7666
Anthropology

Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence from stable isotopes

Michael P. Richards,*† Paul B. Pettitt,*‡ Erik Trinkaus,§¶|| Fred H. Smith,** Maja Paunović ,‡‡ and Ivor Karavanić ††

 

* Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, 6 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QJ, United Kingdom; Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Keble College, Oxford OX1 3PG, United Kingdom; § Department of Anthropology, Campus Box 11, Washington University, St. Louis MO 63130; Unité Mixte de Recherche 5809 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie, Université de Bordeaux I, 33405 Talence, France; ** Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115; ‡‡ Zavod za paleontologiju i geologiju kvartara, Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti, Ulica A. Kovačića 5/II, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; and †† Arheološki zavod Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, I. Lučića 3, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia

 

Contributed by Erik Trinkaus, April 19, 2000

 

|| To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail: trinkaus@artsci.wustl.edu.

 

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Abstract 

 

Archeological analysis of faunal remains and of lithic and bone tools has suggested that hunting of medium to large mammals was a major element of Neanderthal subsistence.